Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is an overuse injury characterised by pain and inflammation on the outer part of the elbow (lateral epicondyle). It occurs due to repetitive stress or strain on the tendons that attach to the lateral epicondyle, often from activities involving gripping or wrist extension. Symptoms include pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow, which can worsen with certain movements.

Golfer’s elbow, or medial epicondylitis, involves pain and inflammation on the inner part of the elbow (medial epicondyle). It is caused by overuse or repetitive stress on the tendons that attach to the medial epicondyle, often from activities involving gripping or wrist flexion. Symptoms include pain on the inner side of the elbow, which may radiate down the forearm, and discomfort with movements that involve wrist flexion or gripping.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that occurs when the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the hand and fingers, particularly the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Carpal tunnel syndrome is often related to repetitive hand movements, such as typing or assembly work, and can be exacerbated by conditions like pregnancy or arthritis.

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendons and their sheaths on the thumb side of the wrist. It is characterised by pain and tenderness at the base of the thumb, which may radiate up the forearm. The condition is often caused by repetitive motions of the wrist and thumb, such as those involved in gripping or pinching. A common test for this condition is the Finkelstein test, which involves making a fist and bending the wrist toward the little finger.

Wrist sprains occur when the ligaments in the wrist are stretched or torn, usually due to a fall or sudden impact. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the wrist. Wrist fractures involve breaks in one or more of the bones in the wrist, often resulting from trauma or high-impact injuries. Symptoms of wrist fractures can include severe pain, swelling, deformity, and inability to move the wrist or fingers. Both conditions require appropriate medical evaluation and treatment to ensure proper healing.